![]() Inclined shear cracking develops in the bottle-shaped zone prior to failure in the lower zone. The strut-and-tie model for symmetric punching consists of a “bottle-shaped” compressive zone in the upper section of the slab depth, leading to a “rectangular-stress” compressive zone in the lower section of the slab depth. The developed strut-and-tie model has also been used to evaluate the minimum shear reinforcement required to prevent brittle shear failure of two-way slabs in the vicinity of concentrated loads. Shear reinforcement has proven to be very effective in preventing such failures. Thick concrete slabs (250–500 mm) without shear reinforcement can exhibit brittle shear failure under a central force and an unbalanced moment. This model provides a quick and simple approach to check the punching-shear behaviour. A strut-and-tie model has been developed to model the punching-shear behaviour of thick concrete plates. The strut-and-tie method is a rational approach to structural concrete design that results in a uniform and consistent design philosophy.
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